French writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1985. Simon described in several works with photographic objectivity his own family history. He became known as a major representative of the nouveau roman that emerged in the 1950s, although Simon's ideas of metaphor, history, and storytelling were rejected by the purists of the movement.

"One never describes something that happened before the labor of writing, but really what is being produced... during this labor, in its very 'present,' and results not from the conflicts between the very vague initial project and the language, but on the contrary from a result infinitely richer than the intent... Thus, no longer prove but reveal, no longer reproduce but produce, no longer express but discover." (from Simon's Nobel lecture)

Claude Simon was born in Tananarive, on the island of Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa. At that time Madagascar was a French colony. Simon's father, an army officer, was killed in 1914 in World War I. His childhood Simon spent in the city of Perpignan, near the Spanish border, where he was raised by his mother and her family.

Simon attended Collége Stanislas in Paris, and Lycée Saint-Louis for naval career, but was dismissed. He studied art with Andre Lhôte, and also studied at Oxford and Cambridge. In the 1930s he travelled in the Soviet Union. From 1934 to 1935 Simon served with the French army's Thirty-first Dragoons. During the Spanish Civil War, he became involved in gunrunning to the Republicans. With the outbreak of World War II, Simon rejoined the Dragoons, and took part in the Battle of Meuse in 1940. After being captured by the Germans, he was sent to a prison camp in Saxony. On the transition to a prison camp in France, he escaped and joined the Resistance.

After the war Simon divided his time between his Paris apartment, and country estate near the village of Salces, earning his living as a wine producer and writer. In 1951 he married Yvonne Ducing. His second wife was Rhea Karavas, whom he married in 1978. Simon's literary career lasted over 50 years. "I am a difficult, boring, unreadable, confused writer," he once mocked his critics. His last novel was the autobiographical Le Tramway (2001). Claude Simon died on July 6, 2005, in Paris.

Simon srated to write his first novel, Le Tricheur, just before the beginning of the war. It was completed by the end of the war and published in 1945. His other early novels include the autobiographical La Corde raide (1947), Gulliver (1952), and Le Sacre du printemps (1954). These novels are largely traditional in form - they have plots and identifiable characters. International fame Simon started to gain when his novel Le Vent (1959, The Wind) was translated into English. Adopting ideas from the nouveau roman, Simon started to develop the style in which the plot is little more than one main event seen from different angles.

"Those who reproach my novels for having neither a beginning nor an end," Simon said, "are perfectly correct." The new novel developed in France in the mid-1950s. Writers rejected the traditional framework of the fiction - chronology, plot, character, the narrator - and offered texts that are open to several interpretations and demand more attention of the reader. In addition, the new novel was open to influence from the New Wave filmmakers and vice versa; Alain Robbe-Grillet and Marguerite Duras wrote also film scripts.

The emphasis on visual perception started to dominate Simon's work from L'Herbe (1958), set in the year 1940 when German invaded France. The book, which took its title from Pasternak's poem ("No one makes history, no one sees it happen, no one sees the grass grow") was an attack on the traditional writing of history. Nothing actually happens in the story. The tale about an old woman, Marie, who is dying, is filled with descriptions of houses and gardens. For Simon history is everyday occurrences, and Marie represents the unwritten side of the past.

In the sequel, La Route des Flandres (1960), Simon tells about Marie's nephew Georges and his wartime experiences. Georges becomes sexually involved with the beautiful Corinne after the war, and Simon juxtaposes scenes of Georges lying in a field as a prisoner with scenes of postwar sex with Corinne.

La Route des Flandres earned Simon the L'Express Prize in 1961. Triptyque (1973) dealt with a wedding party, the drowning of a boy and a scene in a hotel room. These narratives - brutal, tragic, monotonous, and anguished - are mixed together, running concurrently and without paragraph breaks. "The old woman in black has placed the bowl full of blood at the foot of the plum tree and is cutting the skin of the rabbit away from each of the hind paws, a little below the place where the string is tied around them. She then slits the skin longitudinally along each thigh, throws the bloody knife down on the grass, and begins removing the rabbit's skin, rolling it down in somewhat the same manner as one takes off a sock."

Much of Simon's fiction is autobiographical. Histoire (1967), Les Géorgiques (1981), which was very loosely connected to Virgil's Georgics, and L'Acacia (1989) are about the author's father and mother, as well as their ancestors. The 'George' in Les Géorgiques referred to George Orwell, whose account of the Spanish Civil War Simon dismissed as "faked from the very first sentence". L'Invitation (1987) was based on Simon's journey to the Soviet Union in 1986, and demonstrated that even totalitarianism can be attacked with the methods of the new novel.

Simon's family tales, memorablia from the past, personal experiences, are interspersed with fragments of 20th-century history. References to the author's own novels and other texts are also used. Simon rewrites the adventures of George Orwell during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), but events are relayed non-chronologically, sentences are packed with parentheses that themselves contain parentheses. All three of The Georgics' plots concern wars from the campaigns that followed the birth of the French Republic to World War II. General L. de St. M. writes letters to his fellow generals, speeches and instructions for the upkeep of his estate. In the Spanish Civil War section the reader meets the Republican volunteer O.

Simon's style is a mixture of narration and stream of consciousness. His prose frequently lacks punctuation, and is densely constructed, sometimes with 1 000-word sentences, typical is also the use of parentheses. This example of his style is from Leçon de choses (1975): "La description (la composition) peut se continuer (ou être complétée) a peu prés indéfiniment selon la minutie apportée à son exécution, l'entraînement des métaphores proposées, l'addition d'autres objets visibles dans leur entier ou fragmentés par l'usure, le temps, un choc (soit encore qu'ils n'apparaissent qu'en partie dans le cadre du tableau), sans compter les diverses hypothèses que peut susciter le spectacle. Ainsi il n'a pas été dit si (peut-être par une porte ouverte sur un corridor ou une autre pièce) une seconde ampoule plus forte n'éclaire pas la scène, ce qui expliquerait la présence d'ombres portées très opaques (presque noires) qui s'allongent sur le carrelage à partir des objets visibles (décrits) ou invisibles - et peut-être aussi celle, échassière et distendue, d'un personnage qui se tient debout dans l'encadrement de la porte. Il n'a pas non plus été fait mention des bruits ou du silence, ni des odeurs (poudre, sang, rat crevé, ou simplement cette senteur subtile, moribonde et rance de la poussière) qui règnent ou sont perceptibles dans le local, etc., etc."

In his youth Simon was influenced by the aesthetic theories of painter Raoul Dufy, who stated that "one must be able to give up the painting one wanted to do for the painting that demands to be painted." Simon himself clarified pnce that he approaches writing with an emphasis on artistic composition of language. The artist do not have accordig to Simon a special gift to see beyond or behind our everyday reality. While the influences of William Faulkner, Marcel Proust, and James Joyce have undoubtedly been great, Simon's works basically reflect his own personal visions. - "Everything is autobiographical, even the imaginary."

For further reading: Claude Simon: Adventures in Words by Alastair Duncan (2003); Claude Simon by Mária Minich Brewer (1995); Claude Simon: Adventure in Words by Alastair Duncan (1994); Understanding Claude Simon by Ralph Sarkonak (1990); Claude Simon by Lucien Dällenback (1988); Claude Simon: Writing the Visible by Celia Britton (1987); Sur Claude Simon by Jean Starobinski (1987); Claude Simon by Alastair Duncan (1987); Orion Blinded, ed. by Randi Birn and Karen Gould (1981); Claude Simon's Mythic Muse by Karen L.Gould (1979); The Novels of Claude Simon by J.A.E. Loubére (1975) - Nouveau roman, see also Alain Robbe-Grillet, Michel Butor, Marguerite Duras, and Nathalie Sarraute. - See also Henri Bergson's concept of time.

Selected bibliography:

* Le Tricheur, 1945
* La Corde raide, 1947
* Gulliver, 1952
* Le Sacre du printemps, 1954
* Le Vent, 1957 - The Wind (trans. by Richard Howard) - Tuuli (suom. Jukka Mannerkorpi)
* L'Herbe, 1958 - The Grass (trans. by Richard Howard) - Ruoho (suom. Jukka Mannerkorpi)
* La Route des Flandres, 1960 - The Flanders Road (trans. by Richard Howard) - Flanderin tie (suom. Olli-Matti Ronimus)
* Le Palace, 1962 - The Palace (trans. by Richard Howard) - Loistohotelli (suom. Olli-Matti Ronimus, Pentti Holappa)
* Femmes, 1966 (notes for painting by Joan Miro)
* Histoire, 1967 - Histoire (trans. by Richard Howard) - Historia (suom. Jukka Mannerkorpi)
* La Bataille de Pharsale, 1969 - The Battle of Pharsalus (trans. by Richard Howard)
* Orion aveugle, 1970
* Les Corps conducteurs. 1971 - Conducting Bodies (trans. by Helen R. Lane)
* Triptyque, 1973 - The Triptych (trans. by Helen R. Lane)
* Leç on de choses, 1975 - The World about Us (trans. by Daniel Weissbrot)
* Les Géorgiques, 1981 - Georgics (trans. by Beryl and John Fletcher) - Georgica (suom. Jukka Mannerkorpi)
* La chevelure de Bérénice, 1984
* L'Invitation, 1987 - The Invitation (trans. by Jim Cross)
* L'Acacia, 1989 - The Acacia - Akaasia (suom. Jukka Mannerkorpi)
* Le Tramway, 2001 - The Trolley (trans. by Richard Howard)